Unlock the Hidden Potential of Your Pecan Orchard with Cover Crops

Herlu Smith from the Jacobsdal district shares his journey with cover crops. In 2017, he started with 7 hectares under cover crops. Today, that area has grown to 80 hectares as part of his commitment to soil health and orchard sustainability.

In 2017, we introduced cover crops—namely white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and tall rye (Secale cereale)—as part of a long-term strategy to enhance soil structure and promote sustainable weed suppression. The primary objectives were to increase organic matter content, improve water infiltration, and reduce compaction in our predominantly heavy clay soils.

Planting cover crops between pecan trees provides a wide range of environmental benefits that extend beyond improved orchard productivity. While some growers use livestock to manage cover crops and diversify income streams, we chose to mechanically mulch the cover crop biomass and leave it in place as organic mulch. This practice enhances soil organic matter, promotes beneficial microbial activity, and reduces soil erosion.

Improved water infiltration resulting from healthier soil structure has significantly decreased our irrigation requirements per hectare, conserving valuable water resources. Additionally, the cover crops help moderate soil temperature and moisture levels, which has contributed to greater resistance against late frost—a critical factor in protecting young buds and fruit.

By fostering a living root system throughout the year, cover crops support nutrient cycling and reduce nutrient leaching. The integration of a water treatment system further improved water quality, reducing the effects of bicarbonate salts in the water.

Together, these practices have allowed us to reduce fertilizer use by 50%. As soil health continues to improve, our trees’ resilience to stress factors like extreme heat has increased.

But the benefits don’t stop underground. Certain cover crops attract pollinators and beneficial insects, reducing the need for chemical pest control. Their presence also cools the orchard floor, reduces dust, and improves biodiversity.

With the right mix and timing, cover crops become a low-maintenance ally in improving orchard productivity year after year. They don’t compete with your pecan trees—they support them.

In short, planting cover crops is an investment in healthier soil, stronger trees, and a more sustainable future for your orchard, leaving a lasting legacy for the next generation.